The Samuel Gompers Papers: Volume 1 Index A-L
A (Asterisks indicate glossary entries) Abolition of the wage system. See Wage system Adler and Landauer, 112, 115n AFL. See American Federation of Labor Agricultural Labourers' Union, National,* 340, 353n Alienation of labor, 311-12 Allen, Norman M., 261, 263n Allen, William O., 283, 285n Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein. See German Workingmen's Association, General Alt, Charles, 413, 414n Alvord, Thomas G., 208, 210n Amalgamated Labor Union, 160 American District Telegraph Co., 306 American Federationist, 167n, 438n American Federation of Labor (AFL), 277, 385, 387-88, 468-70; founding of, 387, 450-51, 453-64, 467-68; and KOL, 387-88, 467-69; SG and, 450-51, 468-70; structure of, 387, 468-69 American Land League. See Land League, American Anarchism, alleged, 444 Anarchists, 386. See Haymarket defendants Ancona, Mary D., 17-18 Angel, Moses, 11, 12n Anti-Corn Law League, 32, 44n Anti-tenement campaign, 67, 102-3, 112n, 124-27, 129-31,151-52, 169-77, 230, 242, 250-51, 260-62, 292-93, 448; doctors cited, 201-6; manufacturers' opposition, 260-62; SG and, 125, 130-31, 151-52, 169-70, 171-77, 207-10, 262, 291-93. See Cigar Makers' International Union; New York state legislature; Socialists Anti-tenement legislation, 169-70, 208-9, 261-62, 270n, 292-93, 358. See New York state legislature Appel, George W.,* 457, 459n Apprenticeship, 225, 467 Arbeiter-Stimme, 97 Arbeiter Union, 21 Arbitration, 37, 42, 100, 287; SG and, 349-50 Arch, Joseph,* 340, 353n Argyle, duke of (George Douglas Campbell), 344, 354n Armour and Co., 467n Arnold, Matthew, 12n Arrington, Louis, 455, 460 Arthur, Peter M.,* 390 Arundel, Ernest J., 414 Aschermann, Edward, 297, 298, 327n Aschermann and Co., 297-99, 301, 327n Ash, Louis, 195, 198n, 199 Aubrey, James L.,* 266, 267n Aull, Richard F., 447, 448n Aylsworth, Ira B.,* 403, 404n Backus, Josephus R., 165, 166n Baer, Henry, 68, 69n, 83 Baer, Louis, 73, 74n Bailey, William H.,* 399, 401, 411, 466 Bakers' National Union, Journeymen,* 457, 458n Barbers' National Union, Journeymen, 459n Barbers' Protective Union of New York, Journeymen, 457, 459n Barry, Robert A., 204-5, 206n Barry, Thomas B.,* 399, 401, 411, 426, 466, 467n Barry, William J., 361, 362n Bebel, August, 43n Beecher, Henry Ward, 98, 99, 100, 101n Belcher, Park, and Co., 113, 115n Bence, George, 118, 175-78, 199, 260, 262 Benefit system, 146-48, 341-42; SG and, 103-4, 156-58, 341- 42. See Cigar Makers' International Union; Cigarmakers' Progressive Union; Trade unionism Bengough, Herbert H., 214, 216n, 217, 235 Bergh, Henry, 99, 101n Berliner, Louis,* 73, 74n, 83, 85, 87-89, 94, 108, 130, 255n; letter from, 86-87 Bernard, Thomas, 447 Berry, Thomas, 360, 362n Bichler, William, 103-6 Bier and Co., 196, 199 Binder, Charles A., 446, 447n Birkenhauer, George, 369 Bisbing, Ingham W., 359 Black, J. J., 458 Blair, George,* 361, 362n, 447 Blair, Henry W., 287, 289-356 passim Blaskopf, Hermann, 174-75, 199 Blaskopf and Co., 262 Blend, Fred,* 157-58, 257n; letter from, 263-64 Blissert, Robert,* 100, 102n, 151 Block, George G.,* 457, 458n, 460 Bloete, Charles G.,* 171 Bloete, Fred, 71, 83 Blue Label, 392 Blue Label Pacific Coast Boycotter, 393 Board of Health. See New York City Board of Health Boese, Thomas, 19, 20n Bohemian immigrants, 46, 96, 192n. See also Cigarmakers Bondy, Charles, and Co., 56, 58n Bondy and Lederer, 196, 198n, 199 Bondy and Schwartzkopf, 184-85, 188n, 199 Bootblacks, 307-8 Bossie, Levy, 68 Boston Central Trades and Labor Union, 166n Boston Workingmen's Central Union, 166n Boycotts, 365, 402n, 405, 430n, 435, 438n, 467n Boyer, David P.,* 386, 396, 460, 463 Branch, Christopher, 414 Brant, Lyman A.,* 161, 165, 166n, 211, 214, 216, 222, 227-28, 230, 242 Brass Finishers' and Molders' Protective Union 1, 231, 232n Brennan, William J., 222, 226, 229n Brentano, Lujo, 24, 34, 43n Brewers' Union, St. Louis, 457 Bricklayers' and Masons' International Union,* 385-86, 390 Brinkmann, William, 250, 251n Broadhurst, Henry,* 211, 212n Broadway Surface Railroad Co., 433n, 444 Brown and Earle, 379, 381-82, 392 Brückmann, Englebert, 250, 251n Buchanan, Joseph R.,* 403, 404n Buchanan and Lyall, 112, 115n Buckley, James, 17, 18n Building trades, New York, 67n Bunching machines, 417, 419, 420n, 423 Bunchmakers, 45-46, 50, 53 Bureau of Internal Revenue, U.S. See U.S. Bureau of Internal Revenue Bureau of labor statistics, 219, 226, 258, 281, 287-88, 352 Bureau of Labor Statistics, New York, 151, 364 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Ohio State, 336, 353n Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. See U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Massachusetts, 290, 327n, 329 Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries, New Jersey, 328, 340, 353n Burgman, Charles F.,* 227-28, 229n, 231, 233-34, 242-43 Burke, James,* 103-6n Business unionism, 71-72 Butler, Benjamin F., 269-70n Byrne, Michael J., 218, 220n, 242-43 Cabet, Etienne, 40, 44n Call, Wilkinson, 293-356 passim Cameron, Andrew C., 22n Campbell, George Douglas. See Argyle, duke of Cantor, Jacob A., 446, 447n Capek, Thomas, 46 Capital, concentration of, 140-41, 452 Capitalism, 31; SG and 347-49 Carlton, Albert A.,* 403, 404n Carpenters, 39, 67n, 275 Carpenters and Joiners of America, Brotherhood of,* 279-81, 385-86, 389, 390n Carpenters and Joiners, United Order of American, 457, 458n Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated (English), 71 Cash girls, SG and, 304-5 Casserly, James A., 457, 458n Castle Garden, 361, 362n Casuss, R., 433 Cavanaugh, Hugh,* 402, 404n Central Organization of Cigarmakers. See Cigarmakers of New York, Central Organization of Chandler, Charles F., 152 Chicago Central Labor Union, 461, 462n Chicago Federation of Labor, 166n, 462n Chicago, Trade and Labor Assembly of, 166n, 462n Chicago Trade and Labor Council, 166n Child labor, 32, 37, 40, 45, 225-27, 268, 270n, 291, 304-8, 330, 361, 449. See also Cigar industry; Cigarmakers Chinese Exclusion Act, 454, 455n Chinese immigrants, 114-16n, 218, 230, 242, 373, 387; SG and, 300-301, 373. See also Cigarmakers Cigar and Tobacco Workers' Association, American, 274n Cigar industry, 4, 48-49, 52-53, 94; child labor in, 110-11, 172-210; division of labor in, 45, 66; ethnic workforce in, 45-47; in New York City, 45-46, 75-76, 169-70; and tariff, 45, 118; tenement-house production, 45-47, 50-54, 56-58, 67, 73-75, 102-3, 107, 110-11, 113, 115n, 124-25, 129-31, 151-52, 169-210, 250-51, 260-62, 291-93, 365, 373, 381, 408; unemployment in, 49, 58, 75, 77; work rules in, 94-95, 373-74; working conditions in, 49, 51, 53, 67, 75-76, 94, 110, 172-77 Cigarmakers, 4, 31, 42, 45-49, 51, 103, 112-14, 116-17, 126n, 136, 159, 269, 273, 274n, 275, 336-37, 359, 373-74, 397-98, 412-14, 437-38, 441-43; anti-tenement movement, 102-3, 119; Bohemian immigrants, 46-47, 50-51, 53, 57, 66, 77, 102-3, 110; child labor, 50, 53-54, 66; Chinese immigrants, 48, 114-16n, 125; cooperative shop, 116-17, 121-24; Cuban, 51, 457-58, 459n; ethnic divisions, 96-97, 107, 247-48; factionalism, 356-58, 365-66; German immigrants, 21, 47, 50-51, 66, 102-3, 110, 247, 259; and Henry George campaign, 431-33, 441-43; and KOL, 365-66, 382-84, 391-94, 416-17, 435, 437-38; lockout (1886), 375-79, 383-84, 407-8, 465; Milwaukee, 297-99, 327n; New York City, 45-47, 50, 66-67, 77, 95, 236-37, 247-54, 258-60, 356-60, 373-79, 441-43; strikes: (1870), 49, 50n, (1873), 66, (1877), 95-96, 109-21, 123, 207, (1886), 411-12, 422-24; tenement-house workers, 113, 115n, 129-30, 172-210; union label, 115n, 125, 126n. See also Socialists; Strikes; Cigarmakers, United; Women Cigarmakers, Federation of Cuban, 457-58, 459n Cigarmakers, United, 46-47, 50n, 56-57, 61, 63-64, 67, 73-74; benefits, 47, 55, 58, 62; constitution, 47, 61-66; ethnic sections, 55, 57; origins of, 55, 66 Cigar Makers' Association of the Pacific Coast, 126n Cigar Makers' International Union,* 46, 48, 50n, 60, 66-67, 71-72, 105, 113, 139, 141-51, 165, 236, 245n, 265-66, 416-17, 442; anti-tenement campaign, 79, 126-27, 129-31, 167-71, 207-10, 292-93; benefit system, 72, 103-4, 134-39, 146-48, 156-58, 338-39, 341-42; board of appeals, 128-29, 132, 144-46; boycott (1886), 392-94, 405; and Cigarmakers' Progressive Union (CMPU), 359-60, 365-66, 368-69, 375-79, 381, 383, 416-20, 422-24; equalization of funds, 72, 135, 149, 338; and KOL, 380, 382, 385, 387, 392-94, 396-401, 404n, 405-11, 435-39, 464; labor bureau, 105, 135, 138, 146; labor politics, 169-70; New York District, 236-37, 269-72, 419; organizing drive, 269-72; and scabs, 389, 412; SG and, 103-6, 134-39, 236-37, 269, 369-71, 412n; sinking fund, 150; strike fund, 72, 113, 118, 127-29, 132-33, 146-47, 337-39, 419; strikes, 297-99, 327n, 382, 411-12, 422-24; union label, 293, 327n, 370, 374, 388, 392-94, 400-401, 409-11, 417, 435 Cigarmakers of New York, Central Organization of, 95-96, 110, 112-13, 116-17, 121, 124 Cigarmakers of North America, United, 247, 248, 274n Cigar Makers' Mutual Association of London, 74, 75n Cigar Makers' National Union, 5 Cigar Makers' Official Journal, 74n, 115n, 149-50, 169 Cigarmakers' Progressive Union, 248, 272-74, 356-58, 368, 369n, 375-79, 402n, 407-8, 412; Cigarmakers' Society of England, 4 Cigarmakers' State Union, New York, 46 Cigarmaking: SG on, 4-5 Cigar Manufacturers' Association, New York, 358n, 375-79 Cigar Manufacturers' Association, American, 358n, 418, 422 Cigar Manufacturers' Association, National, 116, 117n Cigar Manufacturers' Association, United, 357, 358n, 365-66, 381, 417, 418n, 421-22, 424n Cigar manufacturers, 56, 66, 75, 118, 169-70, 375-79, 382, 442-43; and 1877 strike, 111-13, 115n; and KOL, 380, 415, 417; tenement-house production, 172-210, 260-62. See also Kerbs and Spiess; Levy Brothers; Lichtenstein Brothers and Co.; Stachelberg and Co.; Straiton and Storm; Sutro and Newmark; and other specific firms Cigar mold, 45-46, 49 Cincinnati Central Labor Council, 212n Cincinnati Central Labor Union, 212n Cincinnati Trades and Labor Assembly, 211, 212n City Record, 201 Civic Federation, National, 438n Civil War, American, 4, 32 Clancey, Daniel, 361, 362n Clark, George,* 165, 166n Class consciousness, 41 "Class rule," 27, 29, 34, 38, 87 Class struggle. See Conflict between labor and capital Cleveland Central Labor Union, 166n Cleveland Industrial Council, 166n Cleveland Trades and Labor Assembly, 165, 166n Cline, Isaac,* 215-16, 217n, 219, 228 Clinton, DeWitt, 446 Clothing cutters, 466, 467n CMIU. See Cigar Makers' International Union CMPU. See Cigarmakers' Progressive Union Coal Miners. See Miners Cohen, Fanny Gompers,* 8, 14 Cohen, J. H., 10 Collar and cuff workers, 466, 467n Colopovert, Joseph, 111 Columbus (Ohio) Trades Assembly, 455n Communism, 214, 345-47; alleged, 110, 111, 209, 262 Communist Manifesto, 21 Concord Labor Club, 140-41, 360, 361n Conflict between labor and capital, 25-26n, 214-15, 224, 240, 280, 299-300, 347-49, 372. Congressional hearings, labor and capital, 287-356 Conspiracy laws, 212-13, 218, 226 Consuls, U.S., 298-300 Contract labor, 26, 219, 225-26, 287-88 Convict labor, 37, 40, 151, 169, 213, 215, 218, 225, 361 Cooper Union, 5, 192n Cooper, Peter, 189, 192n Cooperatives, 31, 35, 37, 42, 44n, 57, 61, 117-18, 121-24, 215-16, 287 Cooperative shop, SG on, 117-18, 123-24 Corruption, 69n, 93, 432, 433n, 444 Cotton industry. See Textile industry Coughlin, John E.,* 165 Coughlin, William H., 361, 363n Crawford, Mark L.,* 161, 211, 212n, 214, 216, 228, 230, 242-43 Cummin, Sherman, 227-28, 229n Curriers, 161, 471n Curtis, T., 125 Daley, Edward L.,* 458, 460n, 467 Dalton, William, 446, 447n Daly, Judge Charles P., 119, 120n Daly, Francis, 360, 362n Dampf, Meyer, 255n, 260n, 438 Davidson, Herman, 271n Davis, Bernhard, 457, 459n Davis, Jacob, 17-18 Davitt, Michael, 285-86n De Armay, Raymond, 432 Death benefits, 39, 156-58, 341 De Bary and Co., 95 Defiance Assembly. See Knights of Labor Local Assembly 2458 Delnicke Listy, 108n, 191, 192n Democratic party. See New York City Democratic party Denny, Albert G.,* 456, 458n, 460 Department of Labor, U.S. See U.S. Department of Labor Detlef, Conrad, 125, 126n Devitt, John, 360, 362n Dewes, Jacob, 139n; letter from, 135-36 Dinkel, Judge John A., 113, 115n District assemblies. See Knights of Labor District Messenger Co., 306 Division of labor, 40, 45, 66, 90, 328 Dix, John A., 207, 210n Domschke, C., 195, 198n, 199 Donnelly, James P., 458, 460n Donovan, Florence F., 360, 361n Doody, Patrick H., 434 Dorn, Henry, 461, 462n Dougherty, John H., 447, 448n Doyle, John J., 447 Doyle, Martin F.,* 83, 85; letter from, 85 Dues: SG on, 272 Duffy, Patrick G., 113, 115n Duncker, Franz, 44n Duryea Starch Co., 438 Dyer, Josiah B.,* 385, 389, 390n, 426, 464 Ecks, Henry, 250, 251n Economic and Sociological Club, 60n, 83 Edmonston, Gabriel,* 275-76, 286n, 287, 364, 452, 457, 462n, 469-70 Egan, John P. 361, 362n Eggleston, William M., 359 Ellis, William, 10, 12n Ehmann, John, 390 Eight-hour law: Australia, 318-19, 327n; federal, 67n, 151, 212-13, 225, 229n, 281, 287-88, 320-30, 351 Eight-hour movement: (1872), 66, 67n; (1886), 276-77, 363-64, 371, 387-88, 448-49, 454, 461, 467n Ely, Smith, Jr., 100, 102n Emancipation of the working class. See Working class Emanuel, G. J., 10 Emerson, Nathaniel B., 201-2, 203n, 204 Employers and employees, relations between, 308-11, 348-49 Employment bureau, 361, 362n Emrich, Henry,* 371, 372n, 390, 452, 454, 457, 462n, 471 Engel, George,* 462n Engels, Friedrich, 43n Engineers, Amalgamated Society of, 457 English workers. See Working class Eppenetter, Frank N., 361, 362n Erb, Charles M., 369 Erfurt congress (1872), 26, 32, 42 Evans, Christopher,* 386, 390, 391n, 396, 426, 451, 457, 460, 464 Exler, John W., 219, 220n Fabrosky, Joseph, 115n Factionalism, SG on, 360. See also Cigar Makers' International Union 144 Farm laborers (English), 340-41, 353n Faustus Labor Club, 360, 362n Federal employees, 320-27 Federal labor unions, 469 Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the U.S. and Canada (FOTLU), 159-62, 211-13, 230, 235, 243-44, 282, 348, 354, 437, 451-52; conventions: (1881), 210-32, 238-44, (1882), 231, 232n, 275, 282-85, (1883), 323, 328n, (1884), 276, 363, 364n, (1885), 276, 371, 373n, (1886), 387, 451-58, 460-62; declaration of principles, 224-27, 241; and eight-hour movement, 363-64, 371, 462; finances, 233-34, 239-40; and KOL, 275-76, 387-88, 456, 460; Legislative Committee, 222, 228, 229n, 231-36, 239, 242-45, 276, 286, 371, 440, 451-52, 460; merges with AFL, 387, 461, 462n, 467-68; resolutions, 218-19, 223-27, 230-31, 242, 282-83; SG and, 163, 211, 214, 216-24, 227-35, 238-45, 277n, 286n, 371, 387, 440, 457, 462n; and socialism, 213, 216; and strikes, 280, 454; structure, 221-30, 239-40 Feltman, William, 185-86, 199 Fielden, Samuel,* 462n Finkelstone, Edward,* 457, 458n Finn, Daniel E., 446, 447n Finn, John J., 360, 362n Finnell, Thomas C., 206, 207n First International. See International Workingmen's Association Fischer, Adolph,* 462n Fitzgerald, Theodore, 135, 139n Fitzpatrick, Patrick F.,* 165, 166n, 385-86, 389-90, 396, 426, 451, 457, 460, 463-64, 466, 470 Flanigan, John, 215, 217n Flint Glass Workers' Union,* 458, 459n Foran, Martin A.,* 283, 285n Ford, Thomas J.,* 434 Forschner, August J.,* 257 Fortschrittspartei. See Progressive party Fortune, John,* 98, 101n, 111, 259 Foster, Frank K.,* 282, 283n, 287 Foster, William H.,* 211, 212n, 230-31, 233-36, 242-44, 286-87, 382, 383n, 385, 389-90, 440, 458 Foster and Hilson, 192, 193n, 199, 423 FOTLU. See Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions Fourier, Francois Marie Charles, 40, 44n "Fourth Estate," 28-29, 44n Frank, Anton,* 424, 425n Fraternal organizations, 5, 39 Frauds, employer, 313 Freight handlers, 296-97 Frey Brothers, 194, 198n, 199 Frohnhoefer, Henry, 68, 69n Fuller, Warren, and Co., 399, 402n Furniture workers, 67n Furniture Workers' Union, International,* 390, 391n Gantt, Thompson F. 455, 456n, 460 George, Henry,* 288, 431, 454; letter from, 432; mayoral campaign, 429-34, 438n, 439, 441-43, 445-47; SG and mayoral campaign, 429, 431-32, 434, 441, 444-46, 448-49 George, James Z., 291-356 passim German immigrants, 4, 32, 95-96, 98, 247-48. See also Cigarmakers; Socialists German Society of New York, 362n German Trades of the City of New York, United, 457, 459n German working class. See Working class German Workingmen's Association, General, 23, 32, 43n German Workingmen's Associations, Federation of, 33-34, 44n German-Bohemian Union. See Cigarmakers of North America, United Gessner, Frank M.,* 390 Gibson, David R.,* 402, 404n Gideon, David, 262, 263n Glassworkers, 211, 215. See also Flint Glass Workers' Union; Window Glass Workers' Local Assembly 300 Goldsmith, Marcus K.,* 103-6 Goldsmiths,* 31, 42 Gompers, Abraham,* 153, 154n Gompers, Abraham Julian,* 153, 154n Gompers, Alexander,* 14, 16 Gompers, Alexander Julian,* 96, 153, 154n Gompers, Bella,* 153 Gompers, Catherine,* 8, 14, 153 Gompers, Clara. See Le Bosse, Clara Gompers Gompers, Elizabeth Tate,* 153, 154n Gompers, Emanuel,* 153 Gompers, Fannie,* 153, 154n Gompers, Fanny. See Cohen, Fanny Gompers Gompers, Harriett,* 14, 16 Gompers, Henrietta (SG's grandmother),* 8, 14 Gompers, Henrietta (SG's sister),* 153 Gompers, Henry,* 14, 16 Gompers, Henry Julian,* 153 Gompers, Jacob,* 16, 153 Gompers, Louis (SG's brother),* 14, 16, 153 Gompers, Louis (SG's cousin), 153 Gompers, Minnie, 153 Gompers, Rose,* 153 Gompers, Samuel, 46, 71-72; alleged intemperance, 410, 465-66; apprenticeship of, 3; becomes citizen, 18-19; birth, 3, 7; black eye, 449; criticism of, 247; early employment, 4-5; education, 3-5, 9, 13; family background, 3, 7-8, 14, 16-18, 96, 153-55; immigration to U.S., 4, 16; interview, 404-5; marriage, 5, 17-18; membership in KOL, 289, 327n; memberships in fraternal organizations, 5; personal history, 289; testimony, congressional hearings (1883), 287, 289-356 Gompers, Samuel (SG's cousin),* 153, 154n Gompers, Samuel Julian,* 6, 153, 438n Gompers, Samuel Moses,* 3, 7, 14 Gompers, Sarah (SG's aunt). See Levy, Sarah Gompers. Gompers, Sarah (SG' cousin), 153 Gompers, Sarah Rood,* 3, 7, 8, 14, 16, 153 Gompers, Simon (SG's brother),* 153 Gompers, Simon (SG's uncle),* 8, 14, 153, 154n Gompers, Solomon (SG's cousin), 153 Gompers, Solomon (SG's father),* 3-4, 7, 14n, 16, 153 Gompers, Sophia Julian,* 5, 17, 18n, 153 Goodwin, Francis, 205, 207n Gotha congress (1875), 43n Gould, Jay, 99, 101n, 343, 402n, 432-33n Government employees. See Federal employees Government ownership. See Railroads; Telegraph lines Grace, William R., 172, 173n Grady, Thomas F., 260, 263n Granget, John P., 205, 207n Granite cutters, 275, 339 Granite Cutters' National Union,* 165, 166n Grant, Ulysses S., 320, 323, 328n Greeley, Horace, 446 Green, Samuel S.,* 371, 372n, 452 Grenell, Judson,* 282, 283n Grosse, Edward,* 258-59, 260n Guilds, 24, 30, 34, 38-39 Gutstadt, Herman,* 237 Haas, Louis, 260, 262-63n Hagan, Edward P., 446, 447n Haggerty, John, 133 Hall, Goldsmith P., 455, 460, 466 Hallahan, H. F., 255n Haller, Frederick,* 366, 374, 397, 399, 419-20, 432 Hamilton, Robert R., 447, 448n Hammerstein, Oscar, 418 Hanlon, John F., 457, 459n, 460 Harmony Mills, 265n, 267-68, 293-96 Harris, Daniel,* 107, 108n, 111 Harris, George,* 390, 391n, 457, 469-70 Hart, I., 10 Hat Finishers' Association, Brooklyn, 361, 362n Hat Finishers, National Trade Association of,* 390 Hatmakers, 31, 38, 42 Hausler, Mary,* 108, 109n, 110, 119 Hayes, Isaac I., 152 Hayes, John W.,* 399, 401, 411, 426, 466, 467n Haymarket: bombing, 277; defendants, 461, 462n, 467 Health benefits, 39 Heine, C., 183-84, 199 Henneberry, Thomas T.,* 243, 245n Heurtaux, Alfred, 204, 206n Hewitt, Abram S.,* 126, 127n, 207, 429, 431n, 441, 443-44 Hexter, H., 108, 109n Hillmann, Carl,* 22, 43n; pamphlet, 23-43 Hirsch, David, 21, 75, 76n, 96 Hirsch, Henry, 449 Hirsch, Max, 33-34, 44n Hirschhorn and Bendheim, 187, 188n, 199, 262 Hirschhorn and Co., 112, 115n Hirth, Frank,* 71, 103-6 Holzmann and Deutschberger, 112, 115n, 197, 198n, 199 Home Club. See Knights of Labor Homestead strike, 455n Hopkins, John J., 361, 362n Horse car drivers, 301-3, 327n Hours of Labor. See Workday Howard, John, 449 Howard, Robert,* 217-18, 220n, 228, 286n, 329, 390 Howe, Walter, 93 Howes, John W., 387, 455, 456n, 460 Huck, Louis,* 85, 86n Hurst, George,* 66n, 68; letters to, 75-78 Immigrants. See Individual nationality groups Importation of labor, 297-301 Indianapolis Central Labor Union, 165, 166n Indianapolis Trades Assembly, 165, 166n Inspector, H. M., 10 Intemperance, 215-16, 410, 464 Internal Revenue. See U.S. Bureau of Internal Revenue International Workingmen's Association, 21, 22n, 24, 26, 36, 83, 84n; Basel congress (1869), 25, 43n; Conference of Delegates (1871), 25, 44n; General Council, 25-26, 43-44n; Geneva conference (1866), 25, 43n; Hague congress (1872), 25, 43n, 44n; and trade union movement, 25-26, 31 International Labor Union, 84n International Working People's Association, 462n Ireland, 218-20, 223, 248 Irish Immigrant Society, 362n Irish immigrants, 248 Irish National Land League. See Land League, Irish National Iron and Steel Workers, 159, 272, 339-40, 385-86, 437 Iron and Steel Workers, Amalgamated Association of,* 165, 166n, 167, 211, 272n, 339-40, 353n "Iron law of wages," 27, 31, 44n, 87 Iron Molders' Union of North America,* 165, 166n, 167, 216, 385; local 14, 217n; local 72, 165, 166n; local 181, 165, 166n Iron Molders, National Union of, 217n Jablinowski, Ludwig,* 432, 433n Jacoby, M., and Co., 196-97, 198n, 199 Jaehne, Henry, 444 Jarrett, John,* 212, 214, 216, 218-19, 223-24, 227-28, 230, 238 Jefferson, Thomas, 446 Jesse, Paul, 73, 74n Jews' Free School, 3, 9-13, 17 Johnson, Edwin, 208, 210n Johnston, Robert, 267, 268n Jonas, Morris, 108, 109n Jones, Addison P., 261, 263n Jones, David R.,* 221, 229n Josephs, Samuel, and Co., 189-90, 192n, 199, 209, 262 Journal of the Knights of Labor, 391 Journeymen's associations, 39, 41 Julian, David H.,* 17, 18n Julian, Sophia. See Gompers, Sophia Julian Junio, John J.,* 68, 69n Kane, John, 457, 459n Kaufmann, Berthold W.,* 83, 90; letter from, 89-90 Kaufmann Brothers, 197, 199 Kaufmann Brothers and Bondy, 186-87, 188n, 199 Kean, Edward J.,* 360, 361n, 449 Kelby, Walter, 134, 139n, 151 Kells, David, 360, 361n Kelly, John, 100, 102n, 169 Kenny, John F., 446, 447n Kerbs and Spiess, 56-57, 58n, 66, 110, 112n, 113, 194-95, 198n, 199, 210, 260, 262, 365, 373-74, 378, 407, 423 Kiernan, James G., 206, 207n King, Edward, 288 King, George G.,* 371, 372n, 452 Kinnear, John, 165, 166n Kirchner, John S.,* 366, 368-69, 387, 398-99, 409, 437, 440, 452, 454, 457, 462n Knights of Industry, 160 Knights of Labor (KOL), 81, 159-62, 167, 211, 220n, 248-49, 276, 284-85, 287-88, 382, 391-92, 403, 404n; and AFL, 387-88; anti-trade union wing, 389, 403, 404n, 420; boycotts, 365, 467n; cigarmakers, 248-49, 382-83, 416-17, 435; and Cigar Makers' International Union, 365-66, 392-94, 396-401, 405-11, 435-39, 464; and Cigarmakers' Progressive Union, 415-20; District Assembly (DA) 3, 167; DA 9, 167, 168n; DA 17, 160; DA 45 (Telegraphers, Brotherhood of), 353n; DA 49, 248, 366, 382, 383n, 384, 387, 397, 399, 404n, 405, 407-8, 411, 415, 419-20, 435-36, 438n, 439, 467n; DA 68, 402n; DA 126, 420, 421n; and eight-hour movement, 276-77, 388; and FOTLU, 275-76, 282-83, 456, 460; General Assemblies: (1878), 159, (1880), 160, (1885), 380n, (Cleveland, 1886), 386, 391, 392n, 395, 399-403, 405-6, 425; (Richmond, 1886), 386, 425-27, 435, 437, 439; (1887), 435n; General Executive Board, 399-403; and Henry George campaign, 429-30; history of, 159-60; Home Club, 402-3, 404n, 420; Joan of Arc Assembly, 467n; label, 366, 380-82, 384, 393, 395-396, 400-401, 405n, 408-11, 420, 435; Local Assembly (LA) 1562 (Spread the Light Club), 237n, 276, 438n; LA 1630, 217, 220n; LA 2458 (Defiance Assembly), 248, 327n, 383-84, 399-401, 408, 438; LA 2814 (Progressive Labor Club), 248, 399, 402n; LA 3275, 402n; and scabs, 395, 397-98, 406-7, 409-11; SG and, 283, 388, 397-99, 405, 420-21, 438-40, 463-66; and strikes, 160, 353n, 395, 399, 402n, 466, 467n, 470-71; structure, 159-60, 385; and tenement-house production, 380, 407-8; and trade unions, 159-62, 280, 385-89, 395-98, 402-3, 404n, 406-9, 425-27, 436-38, 440, 454, 460-62, 467-69 Kohn, Joseph, 113, 115n KOL. See Knights of Labor Kostial, T., 204, 206n Kronburg, David,* 83, 84n, 85, 86n Kuenstler, Rudolph, 237 Kunart, William, 111, 112n Kutscher, William, and Co., 187-88, 199 Label, cigarmakers', 115n, 125, 126n, 293, 327n, 366, 370, 374, 384, 392-98, 400-401, 409-11, 413-14, 417, 420, 435 Labor bureau. See Cigar Makers' International Union Labor competition, 26n, 115n, 125, 171, 230, 241-42, 300-301 Labor congress. See Trade union congress Labor education, 105 Labor movement, European, 164, 211, 213, 215, 281, 340-41, 345 Labor movement, in United States, 159-60, 271-72 Labor party, 248, 387. See United Labor party Labor politics, 126-27, 131, 139, 151-52, 169-70, 226-27, 230-37, 248, 250-54, 360-61, 429-33, 439, 441-43, 450. See also Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions; New York City Labor press, 37, 108n Labor productivity, 316-17, 328-30 Labor saving machinery. See Machinery, labor saving Labor Standard, 83, 203n Labor statistics. See Bureau of labor statistics Lake Seamen. See Seamen Land grants, federal, 285, 286n Land League, American, 286n; Irish National, 285-86n Land reform, 218-20, 282 Landauer, Strauss and Co., 188, 199 Lane, Horatio H., 458, 459n Larkin, Michael, 283, 285n Lassalle, Ferdinand, 26-28, 43-44n, 259 "Lassalleans," 84n Lasters' Protective Union, New England,* 458, 460n Laurrell, Ferdinand,* 21, 22n, 46, 71, 83, 84n Layet, Alexandre, 204, 206n Layton, Robert D.,* 161-62, 167, 228, 287; letter from, 167 Le Bosse, Clara Gompers,* 8, 14 Leader, 429-30, 438n, 459n Lederman, Michael C., 414 Leffingwell, Samuel L.,* 165, 166n, 211, 230, 242-43 Legislation, labor, 170, 212, 225-27, 231, 352, 354n, 361 Legislation, foreign--Australia, 318-19, 327n; Legislation, state-- Massachusetts: ten-hour law, 290, 327n, 329-30 Legislation, U.S.: eight-hour law, 67n, 151, 212-13, 225, 229n, 281, 287-88, 320-30, 351 Legislative Committee, FOTLU. See Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, Legislative Committee. Leib, Francis, 251 Lelyfeld, Louis, 414 Lenz, Charles, 346, 354n Levy, M., 237 Levy, Marcus,* 18-19, 20n Levy, Sarah Gompers,* 8, 14 Levy and Ullmann, 113, 115n Levy Brothers, 193-94, 198n, 199, 374-77, 379, 381-82, 392, 408, 417-18 Lewis, Ansel M., 237 Lewyn and Martin, 419 Lichtenstein, Benjamin, 260, 263n Lichtenstein Brothers, 58, 59n, 181-84, 199, 418; letter from, 392-94 Lieb, Francis, 251 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 43n Lincoln, Abraham, 332 Lingg, Louis,* 462n Lipman, Miss, 11 Local assemblies. See Knights of Labor, local assemblies Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of,* 339, 343, 353n Locomotive Firemen, Brotherhood of,* 390, 391n Love, John W., 408, 409n Lozier, Henry, 414 Lustig, Adolph, 432, 433n Luther, Martin, 29 Lynch, Charles D., 231, 232n Lynch, James,* 221, 228, 229n, 259
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